{"id":2248,"date":"2026-05-29T11:45:49","date_gmt":"2026-05-29T03:45:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/?p=2248"},"modified":"2026-10-17T15:03:45","modified_gmt":"2026-10-17T07:03:45","slug":"shrimp-yield-texture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/tr\/iqf\/shrimp-yield-texture\/","title":{"rendered":"CO2 So\u011futma Sistemleri: So\u011fuk Hava Depolar\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7evre Dostu Gelece\u011fi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CO\u2082 so\u011futma sistemleri, so\u011fuk hava depolar\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u0131da i\u015fleme hatlar\u0131n\u0131 sabit d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda tutmak i\u00e7in R-744 olarak da bilinen karbondioksit kullan\u0131r. CO\u2082'nin k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma potansiyeli 1 iken, bir\u00e7ok eski HFC so\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n iklim \u00fczerindeki etkisi \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fundan, bu sistemler giderek daha yayg\u0131n hale gelmektedir. CO\u2082, so\u011fuk hava depolar\u0131, dondurma t\u00fcnelleri, spiral dondurucular, plakal\u0131 dondurucular ve derin dondurma sistemlerinde kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">End\u00fcstriyel so\u011futma ve so\u011fuk hava deposu projelerindeki deneyimlere dayanan bu k\u0131lavuz, CO\u2082 so\u011futman\u0131n nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve en uygun oldu\u011fu alanlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. K\u0131lavuzda transkritik sistemler, subkritik sistemler, NH\u2083\/CO\u2082 kademeli sistemler, so\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkan g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, sistem maliyeti, enerji kullan\u0131m\u0131, \u0131s\u0131 geri kazan\u0131m\u0131, y\u00f6netmelikler ve g\u0131da tesisleri ile so\u011fuk hava depolar\u0131 i\u00e7in se\u00e7im ad\u0131mlar\u0131 ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CO2 So\u011futma Sistemi Nedir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bir CO2 so\u011futma sistemi, buhar s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131 olarak karbondioksit kullan\u0131r. So\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkan R-744 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Evaporat\u00f6rde \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 emer ve kondansat\u00f6rde veya gaz so\u011futucusunda d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atar. CO2'nin kritik noktas\u0131 31,1 \u00b0C ve 73,8 bar'd\u0131r. ASHRAE Standart 34, CO\u2082'yi A1 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na, yani toksik olmayan ve yan\u0131c\u0131 olmayan olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>R-744 ne anlama gelir ve CO2 neden do\u011fal bir so\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkan olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R-744, ASHRAE'nin karbondioksit i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 koddur. \"7\" \u00f6n eki, inorganik bile\u015fikleri belirtir. CO2, atmosferde ve biyosferde do\u011fal olarak bulundu\u011fundan do\u011fal bir so\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkan olarak kabul edilir. Di\u011fer do\u011fal so\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkanlar aras\u0131nda amonyak (R-717) ve R-290 gibi hidrokarbonlar bulunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/1-142.jpg\" alt=\"1\" class=\"wp-image-1926\" srcset=\"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/1-142.jpg 800w, https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/1-142-768x480.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CO2 so\u011futma d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00f6ng\u00fc d\u00f6rt a\u015famadan olu\u015fur. Kompres\u00f6r gaz\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131r. Gaz so\u011futucu veya kondansat\u00f6r, \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 ortama verir. Genle\u015fme valfi, bas\u0131nc\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. Evaporat\u00f6r, so\u011fuk alandan \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 emer. Ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 31,1 \u00b0C'nin \u00fczerinde oldu\u011funda, CO2 yo\u011fu\u015famaz ve bir gaz so\u011futucu arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla transkritik modda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca avantajlar ve zorluklar nelerdir?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CO\u2082 sistemleri, alt\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir avantaj ve d\u00f6rt belgelenmi\u015f zorluk bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r (IIR, 2023; ASHRAE).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Avantajlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>GWP de\u011feri 1 ve ODP de\u011feri 0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A1 g\u00fcvenlik derecesi: toksik de\u011fildir ve yan\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Y\u00fcksek hacimsel kapasite, daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boru \u00e7aplar\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kompres\u00f6r tahliyesinden 90 \u00b0C'ye kadar \u0131s\u0131 geri kazan\u0131m\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kigali, F-Gaz ve AIM Yasas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda mevzuat a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan uzun vadeli istikrar<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>So\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkan maliyeti 1\u20132 $\/kg, bol miktarda mevcut ve geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilir<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Zorluklar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>120 bar'a kadar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015f bile\u015fenler gerektirir<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CAPEX, HFC sistemlerine g\u00f6re \u201330 daha y\u00fcksektir<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>5,18 bar'l\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc noktan\u0131n alt\u0131nda kuru buz olu\u015fumu, e\u011fitimli servis prosed\u00fcrleri gerektirir<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paralel s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma olmadan, transkritik verimlilik 32 \u00b0C'nin \u00fczerindeki ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CO2 Neden So\u011fuk Hava Depolar\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7evre Dostu Gelece\u011fi?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CO2, ticari kullan\u0131mdaki yan\u0131c\u0131 olmayan so\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkanlar aras\u0131nda iklim \u00fczerindeki etkisi en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan\u0131d\u0131r. 1 olan GWP de\u011feri, yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan HFC'lerden 1.000 ila 4.000 kat daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u00dc\u00e7 d\u00fczenleme, 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar HFC'lerin k\u00fcresel olarak kullan\u0131mdan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>HFC'lerin k\u00fcresel olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 a\u015famal\u0131 olarak sonland\u0131ran d\u00fczenlemeler hangileridir?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dc\u00e7 \u00e7er\u00e7eve, kullan\u0131mdan kald\u0131rma takvimini belirlemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Kigali De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi (2016): <\/strong>\u00dclke gruplar\u0131na g\u00f6re a\u015famal\u0131 HFC azalt\u0131mlar\u0131 \u2014 geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler 2036 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar , \u00e7o\u011fu geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclke 2045 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar , di\u011ferleri ise 2047 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar azalt\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek (UNEP)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>AB F-Gaz Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi (2024 revizyonu):<\/strong> 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar HFC'lerin tamamen yasaklanmas\u0131<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>ABD AIM Yasas\u0131 (2020):<\/strong> 2036 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar HFC'lerde azalma (ABD \u00c7evre Koruma Ajans\u0131, 2024)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CO\u2082'nin GWP de\u011feri, sentetik so\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkanlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda nas\u0131ld\u0131r?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CO\u2082'nin 1 olan GWP de\u011feri referans noktas\u0131d\u0131r. Tabloda, so\u011fuk hava depolar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan yayg\u0131n so\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkanlar kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>So\u011futucu<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>GWP (AR4, 100 y\u0131l)\u00a0<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>ODP<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Durum<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R-744 (CO2)<\/td><td>Do\u011fal<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>Kullan\u0131m\u0131 te\u015fvik ediliyor<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R-717 (Amonyak)<\/td><td>Do\u011fal<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>Kullan\u0131m\u0131 te\u015fvik ediliyor<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R-404A<\/td><td>HFC<\/td><td>3922<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>Kademeli olarak kald\u0131rma<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R-134a<\/td><td>HFC<\/td><td>1430<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>K\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R-22<\/td><td>HCFC<\/td><td>1810<\/td><td>0.05<\/td><td>Yasaklanm\u0131\u015f<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kaynak: IPCC AR4; ASHRAE 34.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CO2, g\u0131da \u00fcreticilerine ESG a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ne gibi faydalar sunar?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CO2, \u00fcreticinin sera gaz\u0131 envanterindeki Kapsam 1 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r. HFC sistem s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama \u201325'tir (ABD \u00c7evre Koruma Ajans\u0131, 2023). R-404A\u2019n\u0131n R-744 ile de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi, bu emisyon hatt\u0131n\u0131 \u2019dan fazla azalt\u0131r. Tyson, Cargill ve Unilever gibi g\u0131da markalar\u0131, so\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkan se\u00e7iminin giderek daha \u00f6nemli bir bile\u015fen haline geldi\u011fi CDP ve SBTi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Kapsam 1 azalt\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 kamuya a\u00e7\u0131klar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u00dc\u00e7 CO2 Sistem Mimarisi Nedir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So\u011fuk hava depolar\u0131 i\u00e7in transkritik, subkritik ve NH3\/CO2 kaskad olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 CO2 mimarisi aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7im yap\u0131l\u0131r. Se\u00e7im, s\u0131cakl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131na, kapasiteye ve iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Kaskad sistemler, -35 \u00b0C'nin alt\u0131ndaki derin dondurma i\u015flemlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Transkritik ve subkritik CO2 sistemleri aras\u0131nda ne gibi farklar vard\u0131r?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transkritik sistemler, bir gaz so\u011futucu kullanarak CO2'nin 31,1 \u00b0C'lik kritik noktas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindeki \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atar. Bu sistemler, \u0131l\u0131man iklimlerdeki orta kapasiteli tesisler i\u00e7in uygundur. Subkritik sistemler ise CO2'yi kritik noktan\u0131n alt\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z subkritik kullan\u0131m, so\u011fuk iklimli tesislerle veya \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 25 \u00b0C\u2019nin alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kademeli konfig\u00fcrasyonlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Neden NH3\/CO2 kaskad sistemi end\u00fcstriyel derin dondurma i\u00e7in standartt\u0131r?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\">Kaskad sisteminde, y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k kademesindeki amonyak ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k kademesindeki CO\u2082 e\u015fle\u015ftirilir. CO\u2082, dondurucu bobinlerinde -35 \u00b0C ile -50 \u00b0C aras\u0131nda buharla\u015f\u0131r. Amonyak, bir kaskad \u0131s\u0131 e\u015fanj\u00f6r\u00fc arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla CO\u2082'yi <a href=\"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/tr\/products\/sogutma-si%cc%87stemi%cc%87\/\"><strong><em>end\u00fcstriyel CO2 kademeli so\u011futma sisteminde<\/em><\/strong><\/a> yo\u011fu\u015fturur. Bu tasar\u0131m, tam bir amonyak tesisine k\u0131yasla amonyak y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc \u201390 oran\u0131nda azalt\u0131r (IIAR, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Tesisinizin iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131na ve kapasitesine en uygun mimari hangisidir?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uygunlu\u011fu belirleyen \u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fken vard\u0131r: ortam tasar\u0131m s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, toplam kapasite ve en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck buharla\u015fma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Ko\u015ful<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u00d6nerilen Mimari<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>So\u011fuk iklim b\u00f6lgeleri veya 25 \u00b0C'nin alt\u0131nda ikincil \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 bulunan sistemler, buharla\u015fma &gt; -25 \u00b0C<\/td><td>Subkritik CO2 (genellikle bir kaskad sisteminin par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 25\u201335 \u00b0C, kapasite 100\u2013800 kW, buharla\u015fma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 &gt; -30 \u00b0C<\/td><td>Paralel s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 transkritik CO2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc iklim ko\u015fulunda, kapasite &gt; 500 kW, buharla\u015fma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 &lt; -35 \u00b0C<\/td><td>NH3\/CO2 kaskad sistemi<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar Nelerdir: CO2 ve Di\u011fer So\u011futucu Ak\u0131\u015fkanlar<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CO2, \u00e7evresel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan HFC'lerden daha \u00fcst\u00fcn performans g\u00f6sterir ve \u00e7o\u011fu so\u011fuk hava deposu uygulamas\u0131nda verimlilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan amonyakla e\u015fde\u011ferdir. Tablo, pratik \u00f6d\u00fcnle\u015fimleri \u00f6zetlemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u00d6zellikler<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>CO2 (R-744)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Amonyak (R-717)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>HFC (R-404A)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Hidrokarbon (R-290)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>GWP<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>0<\/td><td>3922<\/td><td>3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>G\u00fcvenlik s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131<\/td><td>A1<\/td><td>B2L<\/td><td>A1<\/td><td>A3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Yan\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/td><td>Yok<\/td><td>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck<\/td><td>Yok<\/td><td>Y\u00fcksek<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma bas\u0131nc\u0131<\/td><td>Y\u00fcksek<\/td><td>Orta<\/td><td>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck<\/td><td>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>En uygun kapasite<\/td><td>50 kW\u20135 MW<\/td><td>&gt;500 kW<\/td><td>T\u00fcm\u00fc<\/td><td>&lt;100 kW<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yasal d\u00fczenlemelerin uzun vadeli ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan HFC'lere k\u0131yasla CO2 tercih edilir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck toksisite gerektiren \u00fcretim tesislerinde amonya\u011fa k\u0131yasla CO2 tercih edilir. Kapasitenin 100 kW'\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya yang\u0131n y\u00f6netmeliklerinin yan\u0131c\u0131 so\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkanlar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda hidrokarbonlara k\u0131yasla CO2 tercih edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CO2 So\u011futma, End\u00fcstriyel So\u011fuk Hava Depolar\u0131nda ve G\u0131da \u0130\u015flemede Nas\u0131l Kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CO\u2082 so\u011futma sistemi be\u015f farkl\u0131 sekt\u00f6re hizmet vermektedir: so\u011fuk hava depolar\u0131, deniz \u00fcr\u00fcnleri IQF, et ve tavuk\u00e7uluk, f\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k ve haz\u0131r yemekler. Kaskad konfig\u00fcrasyonlar\u0131, -10 \u00b0C ile -50 \u00b0C aras\u0131nda buharla\u015fma s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 sa\u011flar. Sistemler, spiral, plaka ve t\u00fcnel dondurucularla entegre \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>So\u011fuk hava depolar\u0131nda CO2 nas\u0131l kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m merkezlerinde, -25 \u00b0C ile -30 \u00b0C aras\u0131nda tutulan odalar i\u00e7in NH3\/CO2 kaskad sistemi kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. CO2 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7 taraf\u0131, y\u00fckleme rampalar\u0131na ve depolama alanlar\u0131na hizmet vermektedir. Amonyak ise makine dairesinde tutulmaktad\u0131r. Bu muhafaza sistemi, OSHA PSM e\u015fik de\u011ferlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamakta ve sigorta maliyetlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Deniz \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, et ve tavuk i\u015fleme tesisleri neden CO\u2082'ye ge\u00e7iyor?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\">Bu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin <a href=\"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/tr\/iqf\/deni%cc%87z-urunleri%cc%87-i%cc%87sleme-cozumleri%cc%87\/\"><strong><em>bireysel h\u0131zl\u0131 dondurulmas\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/a> i\u00e7in -40 \u00b0C ile -45 \u00b0C aras\u0131nda buharla\u015fma s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 gerekir. NH3\/CO2 kaskad sistemi, bu s\u0131cakl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 R-507 sistemlerinden daha y\u00fcksek bir COP ile sa\u011flar. CO2\u2019nin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck toksisitesi, so\u011futma devresinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k taraf\u0131n\u0131n g\u0131da ile temas eden b\u00f6lgelere uzanmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CO2, f\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k ve haz\u0131r yemek hatlar\u0131na nas\u0131l uyum sa\u011flar?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">F\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k ve haz\u0131r yemek tesisleri, -30 \u00b0C ile -35 \u00b0C aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan t\u00fcneller kullan\u0131r. CO2, daha k\u0131sa boru hatlar\u0131yla istikrarl\u0131 buharla\u015fma s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 sa\u011flar. Kompres\u00f6r \u0131s\u0131 geri kazan\u0131m\u0131, mayalama, CIP ve y\u0131kama i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in 70\u201390 \u00b0C s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131cak su sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CO2, spiral, plaka ve t\u00fcnel dondurucularla nas\u0131l entegre edilir?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CO2, IQF spiral ve t\u00fcnel dondurucular\u0131n y\u00fcksek anl\u0131k y\u00fcklerini kar\u015f\u0131lar. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 devre, do\u011frudan genle\u015fmeli veya pompal\u0131 CO2'yi evaporat\u00f6r bobinlerine besler. CIP uyumlu bobin tasar\u0131mlar\u0131, kontaminasyon riski olmaks\u0131z\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck y\u0131kamaya olanak tan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Toplam Sahip Olma Maliyeti: CO2 Yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 De\u011fer mi?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CO2 sistemleri, end\u00fcstriyel so\u011fuk hava deposu i\u015fletmecileri i\u00e7in 4\u20137 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde kendini amorti eder (IIR, 2023). Toplam sahip olma maliyeti (TCO) hesaplamas\u0131 be\u015f kaleme ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>CAPEX:<\/strong> Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 bile\u015fenler nedeniyle HFC sistemlerine g\u00f6re \u201330 daha y\u00fcksek sermaye maliyeti<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Enerji:<\/strong> Paralel s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma teknolojisi sayesinde \u0131l\u0131man iklimlerde \u201320 daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck i\u015fletme gideri (OPEX)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>So\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkan maliyeti:<\/strong> CO\u2082 i\u00e7in 1\u20132 $\/kg, k\u0131s\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f HFC'ler i\u00e7in ise 40\u201380 $\/kg<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Is\u0131 geri kazan\u0131m\u0131:<\/strong> 70\u201390 \u00b0C'de tesisin s\u0131cak su ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n \u201340'\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lar<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Uygunluk:<\/strong> HFC kota riskini ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r ve Kapsam 1 so\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkan emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 'dan fazla azalt\u0131r<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zorunlu olarak kullan\u0131mdan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken R-22 veya R-404A sistemlerinden yenileme yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n geri \u00f6deme s\u00fcresi daha da k\u0131sal\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>So\u011fuk Hava Deponuz \u0130\u00e7in CO2 So\u011futma Sistemini Nas\u0131l Se\u00e7melisiniz?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Se\u00e7im, tesis verileriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 d\u00f6rt a\u015famal\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 izlenerek yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ad\u0131m 1 \u2013 Is\u0131 y\u00fcklerini ve b\u00f6lgeleri haritaland\u0131r\u0131n:<\/strong> Oda ba\u015f\u0131na maksimum y\u00fck, ortalama y\u00fck ve en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck buharla\u015fma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belgelendirin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2. Ad\u0131m \u2013 Mimariyi iklime uyarlay\u0131n:<\/strong> Ortam tasar\u0131m s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kapasiteyi kullanarak alt kritik, transkritik veya NH3\/CO2 kaskad sistemlerinden birini se\u00e7in<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>3. Ad\u0131m \u2013 Bile\u015fenleri ve kontrolleri belirtin:<\/strong> Bas\u0131n\u00e7 de\u011ferlerinin 120 bar'a kadar oldu\u011funu, s\u0131cak iklimler i\u00e7in paralel s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma \u00f6zelli\u011fini ve PLC tabanl\u0131 kontrolleri teyit edin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>4. Ad\u0131m \u2013 G\u00fcvenlik ve e\u011fitimi do\u011frulay\u0131n:<\/strong> OSHA 1910.147 kilitleme\/etiketleme kurallar\u0131n\u0131 uygulay\u0131n, EN 378 (Avrupa) veya ASHRAE 15 (ABD) standartlar\u0131na uygun CO\u2082 s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131 alg\u0131lama sistemi kurun ve personeli y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 bak\u0131m konusunda e\u011fitin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. Ad\u0131m\u0131 atlamak, kompres\u00f6rlerin boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n gere\u011finden fazla olmas\u0131n\u0131n ve k\u0131smi y\u00fck verimlili\u011finin d\u00fc\u015fmesinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedenidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2-113.jpg\" alt=\"2\" class=\"wp-image-1927\" srcset=\"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2-113.jpg 800w, https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2-113-768x480.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CO2, Ger\u00e7ek G\u0131da Tesislerinde Nas\u0131l Bir Performans Sergiler?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">End\u00fcstride R-404A ve R-507'den CO2 tabanl\u0131 sistemlere yap\u0131lan ge\u00e7i\u015fler, enerji ve emisyonlarda tutarl\u0131 bir azalma sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Yay\u0131nlanan end\u00fcstri verileri, g\u0131da sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcm segmentlerinde ayn\u0131 e\u011filimi g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>CO\u2082 retrofit uygulamas\u0131, deniz \u00fcr\u00fcnleri IQF hatt\u0131nda ne gibi faydalar sa\u011flar?<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong> R-507 tesislerinin yerini alan NH3\/CO2 kademeli sistemler, IQF uygulamalar\u0131nda genellikle \u201325 oran\u0131nda enerji tasarrufu sa\u011flar. Do\u011frudan so\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkan emisyonlar\u0131, yaln\u0131zca GWP fark\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 'dan fazla azal\u0131r. End\u00fcstriyel \u00f6l\u00e7ekli yenileme projelerinde, HFC kota maliyetlerinden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 4\u20137 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n geri kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\"><strong>CO2, s\u00fcrekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan f\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k dondurma t\u00fcnellerinde nas\u0131l bir performans g\u00f6sterir?<\/strong><strong><br \/><\/strong> Is\u0131 geri kazan\u0131ml\u0131 transkritik CO2, s\u00fcrekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan f\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k hatlar\u0131ndaki spiral ve t\u00fcnel donduruculara -30 \u00b0C ile -35 \u00b0C aras\u0131nda so\u011futma sa\u011flar. Kompres\u00f6r \u0131s\u0131 geri kazan\u0131m\u0131, CIP, mayalama ve y\u0131kama i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in 70\u201390 \u00b0C s\u0131cak su sa\u011flar. Is\u0131 geri kazan\u0131m entegrasyonu, tesisin s\u0131cak su enerji ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n \u201340\u2019\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>S\u0131k\u00e7a Sorulan Sorular<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CO2 so\u011futma, g\u0131da tesisleri i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenli midir?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Evet. CO2 toksik de\u011fildir, yan\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir ve ASHRAE 34 standard\u0131na g\u00f6re A1 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndad\u0131r. CO2, %5'in \u00fczerindeki konsantrasyonlarda oksijeni yerinden \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131 tespiti gereklidir. Standart kurulumlar, EN 378 (Avrupa) veya ASHRAE 15 (ABD) standartlar\u0131na uygun CO\u2082 sens\u00f6rleri ve havaland\u0131rma kilit sistemlerini i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CO2 sistemleri -40 \u00b0C'ye ula\u015fabilir mi?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Evet. NH3\/CO2 kademeli sistemler, -50 \u00b0C'ye kadar olan buharla\u015fma s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kademedeki CO2, y\u00fcksek kademedeki amonyak taraf\u0131ndan yo\u011fu\u015fur ve bu da IQF ve \u015fok dondurma uygulamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in derin dondurma imkan\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>End\u00fcstriyel dondurma konusunda CO2, amonyakla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda nas\u0131l bir performans g\u00f6sterir?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CO2, A1 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle kapal\u0131 alanlarda daha g\u00fcvenlidir. Amonyak (B2L), \u00e7o\u011fu y\u00f6netmelik uyar\u0131nca \u00fcretim salonlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131m\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Amonyak, 500 kW'\u0131n \u00fczerindeki g\u00fc\u00e7lerde daha y\u00fcksek verim sa\u011flar. Kaskad tasar\u0131mlar, her iki so\u011futucu ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131 bir arada kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CO2 so\u011futma sistemi bir g\u00fcn tamamen kullan\u0131mdan kald\u0131r\u0131lacak m\u0131?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hay\u0131r. CO2'nin GWP de\u011feri 1'dir ve Kigali, F-Gas veya AIM Yasas\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndaki a\u015famal\u0131 azaltma kotalar\u0131na tabi de\u011fildir. Uzun vadede uyumluluk \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamaya devam eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CO2 so\u011futma sistemi tropikal iklimlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r m\u0131?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Evet, paralel s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma, ejekt\u00f6rler veya adyabatik gaz so\u011futucular ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu eklemeler, ortam s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 35 \u00b0C'nin \u00fczerinde oldu\u011funda transkritik verimlili\u011fi korur. NH3\/CO2 kaskad sistemi, \u0131s\u0131 tahliyesi amonyak d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc iklim ko\u015fulunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Bir CO2 so\u011futma sisteminin \u00f6mr\u00fc ne kadard\u0131r?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">End\u00fcstriyel tesisatlar i\u00e7in 15\u201325 y\u0131l. Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 kompres\u00f6rler ve gaz so\u011futucular, HFC e\u015fde\u011ferlerinin hizmet \u00f6mr\u00fcne e\u015fittir. Paslanmaz \u00e7elik borular, yorulmadan 120 bar bas\u0131nca dayan\u0131r (IIR, 2023).<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CO\u2082 refrigeration systems use carbon dioxide, also called R-744, to keep cold storage rooms and food processing lines at stable low temperatures. They are becoming more common because CO\u2082 has a global warming potential of 1, while many older HFC refrigerants have much higher climate impact. CO\u2082 can support cold storage, freezing tunnels, spiral freezers, [\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1928,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","_seopress_robots_follow":"","_seopress_robots_imageindex":"","_seopress_robots_snippet":"","_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_robots_breadcrumbs":"","_seopress_robots_freeze_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_custom_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_canonical":"","_seopress_social_fb_title":"","_seopress_social_fb_desc":"","_seopress_social_fb_img":"","_seopress_social_fb_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_height":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_title":"","_seopress_social_twitter_desc":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_height":0,"_seopress_redirections_value":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled_regex":"","_seopress_redirections_logged_status":"","_seopress_redirections_param":"","_seopress_redirections_type":0,"_seopress_analysis_target_kw":"","_seopress_news_disabled":"","_seopress_video_disabled":"","_seopress_video":[],"_seopress_pro_schemas_manual":[],"_seopress_pro_rich_snippets_disable_all":"","_seopress_pro_rich_snippets_disable":[],"_seopress_pro_schemas":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2248","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-iqf"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2248","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2248"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2248\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3898,"href":"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2248\/revisions\/3898"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1928"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2248"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2248"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/en.ntsquare.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2248"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}